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RubyMine 2019.1.1 Build 191.6707.59 / 2019.1.2 Build 191.7141.46 RC

A versatile and complete IDE that comes with useful features such as code completion, formatting, ..

10 Best Programming Languages of 2015 You Should Know Submitted by alex on Tue, - 11:34 The technology world is expanding immensely with each passing year and months, as they are coming up with new trendier smartphones and tablets every other day and the competition too has grown tough in the market to stand at the highest position.

Haskell Platform 8.6.5

A comprehensive and reliable programming platform, meant to provide you with a new means of develo..

Wing IDE Personal 7.0.2.0

Work with source code and debug your application with the help of this integrated development envi..

Wing IDE Professional 7.0.2.0

Work with a user-friendly Python IDE to create your scripts and applications, testing, debugging a..

Logtalk 3.26.0

An object-oriented logic programming language aimed to provide users with the possibility of using..

Python 3.7.3 / 3.8.0a4 Pre-release / 2.7.16

Turn to this multi-platform object-oriented language that boasts extensive libraries as well as br..

Understand 5.1 Build 988

Get your code thoroughly analyzed for any errors with this powerful application with support for v..

Dafny 2.3.0

A fairly new programming code language for those developers always on the lookout for something ne..

DMD 2.086.0

A software compiler that enables users to perform tasks via a command line, with support for D lan..

Eric IDE 19.05

Python and IDE editor that integrates the Scintilla editor control, plugin support, debugger, coop..

Silverfrost FTN95 8.40

This integrated development environment allows you to edit code, compile and create applications t..

ELENA Integrated Development Environment 4.0.5

A comprehensive application that provides you with a general-purpose programming language that is ..

Gardens Point Component Pascal (GPCP) 1.4.07 / 1.4.08 Beta 3

An compiler for the Component Pascal Language compatible with the .NET Framework and the Java Virt..

CyberLink PowerDirector

SUMo

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Driver Booster PRO

TeamViewer

Ashampoo PDF Pro

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• Driver Booster PRO

VBto Converter 2.81

Convert MS VB 6.0 forms to resource and source files MS VC++ or VBNET project by using this straig..

SWIG 4.0.0

Connect applications that are written in the C or C++ with a variety of high-level programming lan..

CodeTyphon 6.80

A programming studio for the Pascal language that includes an IDE, a compiler and a debugger, vari..

VisualNEO 19.4.21

Develop your own powerful Windows apps and learn to program easily with the help of this specially..

• 6,686 downloads
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MATLAB R2019a Update 1

Worldwide-used language for technical computing and data visualization, specifically designed to f..

Wing IDE 101 7.0.1.2

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RubyInstaller 2.6.3-1

Easily install Ruby for Windows, including a baseline of required set of RubyGems and extensions, ..

Basic4android 9.01

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Qt 5.12.3

A cross-platform application framework for desktop and embedded development, providing the tools y..

B4R 2.60

Develop Arduino-based applications with the help of this simple tool that comes with a set of libr..

SDCC 3.9.0

Free, open-source and retargetable C compiler that includes a linker, simulator, assembler and deb..

VisionX 5.2.27

Design and deploy ERP solutions that can be run on mobile, desktop or as web applications within m..

LuaStudio 9.8.4

Compile and debug Lua scripts, analyze the source code, modify the snippets and hide the code line..

JRuby 9.2.7.0

The Java implementation of Ruby programming language that developers can use in their projects to ..

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Max 8.0.5

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Compile Plus 1.2.1.4

Compile various application using options from Windows Explorer's menu and interact with your app ..

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RStudio 1.2.1335

Script building, debugging, compiling and syntax checking, for R language, in a feature-packed int..

This is a list of notable programming languages, grouped by type.

Since there is no overarching classification scheme for programming languages, in many cases, a language will be listed under multiple headings.

• 13Embeddable languages
  • 13.1In source code
• 18Functional languages
• 19Hardware description languages
• 24Languages by memory management type
• 29Macro languages
• 34Object-oriented class-based languages
• 44Shading languages

Array languages[edit]

Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional) languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays.

Assembly languages[edit]

Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages let programmers use symbolic addresses, which the assembler converts to absolute addresses. Most assemblers also support macros and symbolic constants.

Authoring languages[edit]

An authoring language is a programming language used to create tutorials, websites, and other interactive computer programs.

Constraint programming languages[edit]

A constraint programming language is a declarative programming language where relationships between variables are expressed as constraints. Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints.

Command line interface languages[edit]

Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages or job control languages. Examples:

• 4DOS (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs)
• bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU/FSF)
• CLIST (MVS Command List)
• csh and tcsh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)
• DCL DIGITAL Command Language – standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP)
• DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DOS operating systems, popular before Windows)
• Expect (a Unix automation and test tool)
• fish (a Unix shell)
• Hamilton C shell (a C shell for Windows)
• JCL (punch card-oriented batch control language for IBM System/360 family mainframes)
• ksh (a standard Unix shell, written by David Korn)
• Rc (command-line shell for Plan 9)
• sh (the standard Unix shell, written by Stephen R. Bourne)
• TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language)
• Windows batch language (Windows batch file language as understood by COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE)
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft.NET-based CLI)
• zsh (a Unix shell)

Compiled languages[edit]

These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted^{[citation needed]}. See also compiled language.

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• ALGOL (extremely influential language design – the second high level language compiler)
• Ballerina (compiled to bytecode specific to the Ballerina Runtime (BVM))
• BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
• C (one of the most widely used procedural programming languages)
• C++ (Widely used object-oriented language used in large-scale, complex, high-performance software)
• C# (compiled into CIL, generates a native image at runtime)
• Ceylon (compiled into JVMbytecode)
• CLIPPER 5.3 (programming Language for DOS-based software)
• CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) on the British Leo computers
• D (based on a reengineering of C++)
• DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc. as .war file
• Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
• DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
• Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer)
• F# (compiled into CIL, to generate runtime image
• Forth (professional systems, like VFX and SwiftForth)
• Fortran (the first high-level, compiled language, from IBM's John Backus)
• Gosu (compiled into JVMbytecode)
• Groovy (compiled into JVMbytecode)
• Java (usually compiled into JVMbytecode although ahead-of-time (AOT) compilers exist that compile to machine code)
• Nemerle (compiled into intermediate language bytecode)
• Pascal (most implementations)
• PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
• Python (compiled into intermediate Virtual Machinebytecode)
• RPG (Report Program Generator)
• Scala (compiled into JVMbytecode)
• Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
• SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
• Simula (the first object-oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard)
• Smalltalk generally compiled to platform independent bytecode that runs on a Virtual Machine
• ML
  • Standard ML (SML)
• Vala (Compiler for the GObject type system)
• Visual Basic (Use CIL that is JIT compiled into a native runtime.)

Concurrent languages[edit]

Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as CSP or the π-calculus.

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
• Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
• Ballerina - a language designed for implementing and orchestrating micro-services. Provides a message based parallel-first concurrency model.
• ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
• Cilk – a concurrent C
• Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
• Clojure – a dialect of Lisp for the Java virtual machine
• Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
• E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
• Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
• Elixir (runs on the Erlang VM)
• Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
• Gambit Scheme - using the Termite library
• Java
  • Join Java – concurrent language based on Java
• Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
• Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
• MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
• occam – influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP)
  • occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
• Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures, and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz
• Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
• Scala – implements Erlang-style actors on the JVM
• SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
• SR – research language
• XProc – XML processing language, enabling concurrency

Curly-bracket languages[edit]

Curly-bracket or curly-brace programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the curly bracket or brace characters { and }. This syntax originated with BCPL (1966), and was popularized by C. Many curly-bracket languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include:

• Alef
  • Limbo
• C – developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs
• ChucK – audio programming language
• Cilk – concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
• Cyclone – a safer C variant
• DASL – based on Java
• ECMAScript
• Java
• Nemerle – combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension abilities
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft.NET-based CLI)

Dataflow languages[edit]

Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:

• G (used in LabVIEW)

Data-oriented languages[edit]

Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets.^{[citation needed]} Examples of, containing imperative features. Many functional languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:

Pure[edit]

Impure[edit]

• C++ (since C++11)
• ECMAScript
• Erlang
• Lisp
  • Scheme
    • Racket (formerly PLT Scheme)
• ML
  • Standard ML (SML)
• Perl

Hardware description languages[edit]

In electronics, a Hardware description language or HDL is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure, design and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL. Hardware description languages include:

HDLs for analog circuit design[edit]

• Verilog-AMS (Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal)
• VHDL-AMS (VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)

HDLs for digital circuit design[edit]

• Advanced Boolean Expression Language(ABEL)
• Altera Hardware Description Language(AHDL)
• VHDL (VHSIC HDL)

Imperative languages[edit]

Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the imperative paradigm:

• Modula-2, Modula-3

Interactive mode languages[edit]

Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. The interactive mode is also known as a REPL (read–eval–print loop).

• BASIC (some dialects)
• Dart (with Observatory or Dartium's developer tools)
• Elixir (with iex)
• Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
• Java (since version 9)
• JavaScript (using command line tools like Node.js or Rhino or the developer tools built into web browsers like Firefox or Chrome)
• MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
• Mathematica (Wolfram language)
• Ruby (with IRB)
• Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
• S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
• Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft.NET-based CLI)
• Visual FoxPro (Microsoft)

Interpreted languages[edit]

Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term *interpreted language* generally refers to languages that are commonly interpreted rather than compiled.

• AutoHotkey scripting language
• AutoIt scripting language
• BASIC (some dialects)
• DATABUS (later versions added optional compiling)
• Eiffel (via 'Melting Ice Technology' in EiffelStudio)
• Forth (interactive shell only; otherwise compiled to native or threaded code)
• Julia (Compiled on the fly to machine code, but a transpiler Julia2C is also available.)
• Lisp (Early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed.)
• MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
• Pascal(early implementations)
• Standard ML (SML)
• thinBasic scripting language
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft.NET-based CLI)
• Some scripting languages (below)

Iterative languages[edit]

Iterative languages are built around or offering generators.

• Eiffel, through 'agents'

Languages by memory management type[edit]

Garbage collected languages[edit]

• Lisp (originator)
• ML
  • Standard ML (SML)

Languages with manual memory management[edit]

Languages with deterministic memory management[edit]

• Rust^[1][2]

Languages with automated reference counting (ARC)[edit]

List-based languages – LISPs[edit]

List-based languages are a type of is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one (not to be confused with hygienic macros), possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to preprocess source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like file inclusion.

Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a # in the case of the C preprocessor). Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a string literal, so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like PHP, which are fully featured.

• cpp (the C preprocessor)
• m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
• ML/I (general purpose macro processor)

Application macro languages[edit]

Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, ECMAScript for XML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called 'macro languages', although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like m4.

Metaprogramming languages[edit]

Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.

• Rust^[3]

Multiparadigm languages[edit]

Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.

• Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• ALF (functional, logic)
• Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic)
• APL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, metaprogramming)
• C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
• Ceylon (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
• ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
• Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
• Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
• Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
• D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Delphi (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
• eC (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
• Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic, functional (agents), concurrent (SCOOP))
• F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
• Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
• Go (imperative, procedural),
• Groovy (functional, object-oriented (class-based),imperative,procedural)
• J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Julia (imperative, multiple dispatch ('object-oriented'), functional, metaprogramming)
• LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
• Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual)
• Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
• M2000 (programming language) (concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented)
• Mercury (functional, logical, object-oriented)
• Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
• Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
• Objective-C (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective)
• OCaml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), modular)
• Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed), and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz
• Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
• PHP (imperative, object-oriented)
• Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
• Python (functional, compiled, interpreted, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming, extension, impure, interactive mode, iterative, reflective, scripting)
• R (array, interpreted, impure, interactive mode, list-based, object-oriented prototype-based, scripting)
• Racket (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based) and can be extended by the user)
• REBOL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
• RED (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
• ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
• Ruby (imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
• Rust (concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented, generic, metaprogramming, compiled)
• Scala (functional, object-oriented)
• Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic)
• SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
• Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
• Swift (protocol-oriented, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block-structured)
• Tcl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
  • Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
• Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))

Numerical analysis[edit]

• Seneca – an Oberon variant

Non-English-based languages[edit]

• Chinese BASIC – Chinese
• Fjölnir – Icelandic
• Language Symbolique d'Enseignement – French
• Lexico – Spanish
• Rapira – Russian
• ezhil-Tamil

Object-oriented class-based languages[edit]

Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages.

Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system).

Multiple dispatch[edit]

Single dispatch[edit]

• Ada 95 and Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language)
• Oxygene (formerly known as Chrome)
• Eiffel
• Java
• Modula-2 (data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
  • Modula-3 (added more object-oriented features to Modula-2)
• Oberon-2 (full object-orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
• Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
• Perl 5
• Python (interpretive language, optionally object-oriented)
• Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
• Simula (the first object-oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard)
• Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, developed at Xerox PARC)
  • Squeak
• VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)

Object-oriented prototype-based languages[edit]

Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed:

• ECMAScript
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
• Etoys in Squeak
• Self (the first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)

Off-side rule languages[edit]

Off-side rule languages denote blocks of code by their indentation.

• ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
• ABC, Python's parent
  • Python
• Miranda, Haskell's parent
  • Haskell
• Elixir (, do: blocks)

Procedural languages[edit]

Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:

• Ada (multi-purpose language)
• ALGOL (extremely influential language design – the second high level language compiler)
• BASIC (BASICs are innocent of most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
• C++ (C with objects plus much else, such as, generics through STL)
• C# (similar to Java/C++)
• ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
• Combined Programming Language (CPL)
• DASL(partly declarative, partly imperative)
• ECMAScript
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
• Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
• Java
• Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
• MUMPS (More modular in its first release than a language of the time should have been; The standard has become still more modular since then.)
• Oberon and Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
• Pascal (successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
  • Free Pascal (FPC)
  • Object Pascal (Delphi)
• PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
• RPG (available only in IBM's System i midrange computers)

Query languages[edit]

Reflective Language[edit]

Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:

• Emacs Lisp
• Java
• Lisp
• Oberon-2 – ETH Oberon System
• Poplog
• Smalltalk (pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
• Wolfram Language

Rule-based languages[edit]

Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include:^{[citation needed]}

Fifa 19 patch notes. • Match Preview screen.

• ToonTalk – robots are rules
• XSLT^{[citation needed]}

Scripting languages[edit]

'Scripting language' has two apparently different, but in fact similar, meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs provide built-in languages that let users automate tasks. Those that are interpretive are often called scripting languages.

Autodesk ecotect student. Recently, many applications have built-in traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few native scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform-independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java virtual machine).

• C# (compiled to CLI bytecode, and running JIT inside the CLR VM)
• Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
• Emacs Lisp
  • JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
• Game Maker Language (GML)
• Julia (still, compiled on the fly to machine code)
• Object REXX (OREXX, OOREXX)
• PHP (intended for Web servers)
• WebDNA, dedicated to database-driven websites
• Windows PowerShell (Microsoft.NET-based CLI)
• Many shell command languages such as the Unix shell or DCL on VMS have powerful scripting abilities.

Stack-based languages[edit]

Stack-based languages are a type of and 'normal'. Due to the variety of target markets for 3D computer graphics.

Real-time rendering[edit]

They provide both higher hardware abstraction and a more flexible programming model than previous paradigms which hardcoded transformation and shading equations. This gives the programmer greater control over the rendering process and delivers richer content at lower overhead.

• Adobe Graphics Assembly Language also known as AGAL^[4]
• ARB assembly language also known as ARB assembly
• OpenGL Shading Language also known as GLSL or glslang
• DirectX Shader Assembly Language
• DirectX High-Level Shading Language also known as HLSL or High-Level Shader Language
• PlayStation Shader Language also known as PSSL
• Cg programming language also known as Cg
• Shining Rock Shading Language also known as SRSL^[5]
• Spark^[6]
• Nitrous Shading Language^[7]
• Godot Shading Language^[8]

Offline rendering[edit]

Shading languages used in offline rendering produce maximum image quality. Processing such shaders is time-consuming. The computational power required can be expensive because of their ability to produce photorealistic results.

• RenderMan Shading Language also known as RSL
• Houdini VEX Shading Language also known as VEX
• Open Shading Language also known as OSL

Syntax handling languages[edit]

These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for Context-free grammars.

• Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)
• GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
• GNU Flex (FSF's version of Lex)
• glex/gyacc (GoboSoft compiler compiler to Eiffel)
• lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
• yacc (yet another compiler compiler, from Bell Labs)

System languages[edit]

The system programming languages are for low level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application software.

System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes software categories such as operating systems, utility software, device drivers, compilers, and linkers. Examples of system languages include:

Transformation languages[edit]

Visual languages[edit]

Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.

• G (used in LabVIEW)
• Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk)

Wirth languages[edit]

Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.

• Modula-2 (and Modula-3, etc. variants)
  • Obliq Modula 3 variant
• Oberon (Oberon, Oberon-07, and Oberon-2)
• Pascal
  • Object Pascal ('umbrella' name for Delphi, Free Pascal, Oxygene and others)

XML-based languages[edit]

These are languages based on or that operate on XML.

See also[edit]

• IEC 61131-3 – a standard for PLC programming languages

Notes[edit]

1. ^The objects of SQL are collections of records, called tables. A full programming language can specify algorithms, irrespective of runtime. Thus an algorithm can be considered to generate usable results. In contrast, SQL can only select records which are limited to the current collection, the data at hand in the system, rather than produce a statement of the correctness of the result.
2. ^Swift uses automatic reference counting.

References[edit]

1. ^'Understanding Ownership - The Rust Programming Language'. doc.rust-lang.org.
2. ^'Smart Pointers - The Rust Programming Language'. doc.rust-lang.org.
3. ^'Procedural Macros for Generating Code from Attributes'. doc.rust-lang.org.
4. ^Scabia, Marco. 'What is AGAL Adobe Developer Connection'. www.adobe.com. Adobe. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
5. ^Hodorowicz, Luke. 'Shading Languages'. www.shiningrocksoftware.com. Shining Rock Software. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
6. ^Foley, Tim; Hanrahan, Pat. 'Spark: Modular, Composable Shaders for Graphics Hardware Intel® Software'. software.intel.com. ACM. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
7. ^'Nitrous FAQ'. oxidegames.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
8. ^Linietsky, Juan; Manzur, Ariel. 'Shading language — Godot Engine latest documentation'. docs.godotengine.org. Godot community. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
9. ^Wulf, W.A.; Russell, D.B.; Haberman, A.N. (December 1971). 'BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming'. Communications of the ACM. 14 (12): 780–790. CiteSeerX10.1.1.691.9765. doi:10.1145/362919.362936. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
10. ^'C++ Applications'.
11. ^[1]
12. ^'Mozilla Research'. 1 January 2014.